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1.0 Internal Energy
In thermodynamics the internal energy is the total energy contained by a thermodynamic system.
It is the energy needed to create the system, but excludes the energy to displace the system's surroundings,
any energy associated with a move as a whole, or due to external force fields.
Internal energy has two major components, kinetic energy and potential energy. The kinetic energy is due
to the motion of the system's particles (translations, rotations, vibrations), and the potential energy is associated
with the static constituents of matter, static electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals,
and the static energy of chemical bonds.
2.0 Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.
It includes the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy
required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure.
Chemists routinely use H as the energy of the system, but the pV term is not stored in the system, but rather
in the surroundings, such as the atmosphere. When a system, for example, n moles of a gas of volume V
at pressure P and temperature T, is created or brought to its present state from absolute zero,
energy must be supplied equal to its internal energy U plus pV, where pV is the work done in pushing
against the ambient (atmospheric) pressure. This additional energy is therefore stored in the surroundings and
can be recovered when the system collapses back to its initial state.
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